Ice?Dynamical Glacier Evolution Modeling—A Review

Glaciers play a crucial role in the Earth System: they are important water suppliers to lower-lying areas during hot and dry periods, major contributors observed present-day sea-level rise. can also act as source of natural hazards have touristic value. Given their societal importance, there is large scientific interest better understanding accurately simulating temporal evolution glaciers, both past future. Here, we give an overview state art individual glaciers over decadal centennial time scales with ice-dynamical models. We hereby highlight recent advances field emphasize how these go hand-in-hand increasing availability on-site remotely sensed observations. focus on gap between simplified studies that use parameterizations, typically used for regional global projections, detailed assessments explain now allow including ice dynamics when modelling at larger spatial scales. Finally, provide concrete recommendations concerning steps factors be considered glaciers. suggest paying particular attention model initialization, analysing related uncertainties input influence modelled glacier strongly recommend evaluating simulated against independent data.